Tư liệu chính

• Anna Comnena, The Alexiad

Tư liệu phụ

• Norwich, John Julius (1993), Byzantium: The Apogee, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011448-3
• Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
• Kazhdan, Alexander biên tập (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. I, Oxford University Press, tr. 330–331, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
• George Finlay, History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 – 1453, Volume 2, William Blackwood & Sons, 1854